????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????????? ???????? ????

???????? ???????????: ? 50 .? ???? ???????????, ??????????? ?????????? ??? ???????. ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???? - ????? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????????? (???????? ???? - ??????????). ???????? 1958 ???? ????????? "??????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ????????", ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????? (??????????? ?????????) ???????? (???????? ???? - ??????????) (???????? ???? - ??????????). ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????, ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ???? (???????? ???? - ??????????) (???????? ???? - ??????????). ?? ???????? ???? ????, ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? (???????? ???? - ??????????) (???????? ???? - ??????????).

???, ??? ??? ??? (??????) ??????

?????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????????? ??????:

• ???: ???????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????. (?? ???????, ????????? ???? “?????” ????? ??????????? ??? ???? ????.) ???????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? 1.0 ± 0.25 ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? (???????? ???? - ??????????).

• ???: ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? (??????????, ??????? ????????? ???????? ????? ????). ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? - ????? 4.0 ± 0.8 ???? ?????? (???????? ???? - ??????????).

• ???: ???????? ??????? ???????? (???. ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???????) ???? ?????. ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???, ?????? ??? 6.4 ± 1.5 ???? ?????? (???????? ???? - ??????????).

(???????? ~ 1.4 ???? ?????? (????????? "????????" ??? ????? ??????? (???????? ???? - ??????????.???????? ???? - ??????????). ?????? ????? ??????? ????????????????, ?? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? 1, 3 ??? 6 ???? ????? ?????????? 50% ????????????? (?????? ?????? ???, ??? ???????? ?? ??? ????).

(???? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? - 17,246+ ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ????????) ?????: ????????????? ????? - ??????? ??????. ?? ??? ??????, ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? (??????????? ??????); ????? ?????????? (????? ??????) ?????, ??????????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ????? ?????, ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????. ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? (???????? ???? - ??????????) (?????? ?????? ???, ??? ???????? ?? ??? ????).

???????? ???? (?????????? ???????????)

?????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? 50% ?? ????????? ???????????? ???? ???? (???????? ???? - ??????????):

• ??? (?????????? ????????): Target 1.0 ???? ???? ?????? (50% ?????????) (???????? ???? - ??????????).

• ??? (?????????? ????): Target 4.0 ???? ?????? (??????)???????? ???? - ??????????).

• ??? (??????? ????????): Target 6.4 ???? ?????? (?????? (???????? ???? - ??????????).

?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? - ??????????? ??????????? ??? ?? ????? ????????. (???????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????, ?????? ???. 1.0 ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? 2 ??????? (???????? ???? - ??????????).) ??????? ????????? ???? ???????? “??????” ?? ?????? 1 - 3 - 6 ???? (???? ??????) ??????????? ???????? - ??? - ??? - ??? (?????? ?????? ???, ??? ???????? ?? ??? ????). ??????????, ???? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? 1 ????, ??????????? 3 ??? ??????????? 6 ?????? (?????? ?????? ???, ??? ???????? ?? ??? ????). (??.??. ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? 0.75, 1.5, 3 ??? 6 ???? ???????????, ????????, ???????????, ???????????, ???????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? (????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????????)))

???????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????: ???? ????? N ??????????? ????, ???????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? (????????: ???????? - ???, ??????????? ????????????? 50% ??). ?????, ?? ????????: ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? "??????? ????" ?????? ?????? ????.

??????? ???? (?????????? ??? ??????)

? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????, ??????, ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????. ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????????? (???? - ??? ??????), ?? ????? (???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????):

???? n ??????????? ???????? ?????? ???, h_o ????????? ?????????????? ???? (??) ???, f ????? ???? ????? ??? (??????? ???????? ???? ???????), p ??????? ??? ??? (??????? ????????? ????) ??? R ???????? ?????? ???. ?? ????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ????: ???? ?????? (????? ???? ???? ?????) ????? n, ?? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? n (???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????). ?? N ??? ??????? ?????????? ???? (?????????? ????????) ?????? ???, ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????

??????????, ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? N (???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????). ????????????, ??????? ??? (??????? ???? ?????? ??????????) ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????. ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? - ??????????? ??/??/?? ?????? ????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????.

??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???

???? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ????. ???? ?????, ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????:

• ?????? ???? ??? ???????????: ???? (??? ????? ?????????) ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????; ????????????, ???? ?????????? ??????????? (???. ????????????????? ???? ?? ????) ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???. ????? ?????????????, ?? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ????????????????? ?? ～2 ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???. ???? ????? ??? - ??????????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? (??? ??????? ?????? ??????).

• ?????? ?????????? ??? ????????: ?????????????????, ????? ??????? p) ??? ???? ???? ????? f ?????? ?????. ????, ???????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? (??????) ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????. ?????????? ???????????, ???? ???????? (???? ??????) ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??? ???? (???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????).

• ????????? ?????????: ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????. ????, ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????. ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? (f_t = exp (- r/l_r)) ????????? ???? ??????????? ??????????? (????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????????). ????????? ???????????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????????? (???? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ???? (????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????????). ????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ????? ????, ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? (????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????????) (????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????????).

• ??????????? ?????: ?? ???? - ????? ??????????? ??? ???? ???? ????. ?????? ???????? ?? “??? ?????” ???????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ~ 0.5 ?????????? ???? ??? ????, ????? 50% ??????????? (???? ????? ”???????????? 50% ??????????? (5.5 ???????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? (????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????????). ???? ?????, ??????? ????? ?????????? ???? ????????????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????.

• ?????? - ?? - ????? ?????? (??????) ??? ?????? ????: ????? ????????????? ???? (?????) ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???. ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??????. ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????: ?? ????????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? (????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????????).

??????????, ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????. ????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ???????, ?????? ???????????, ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???, ??????????, ????????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? “????? ??????” (?????? ??????????? ??? ??? ????) ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????. ?????????????, ?? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??????.

?????? ????

???? ????????? ???? ????, ???????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??/??/?? ????????? ????? ???? ????. ??????????:

• ??????? ?? 2 ???? ??? ??????? (h_o = 2 ??) ?? ????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ???? f = 50 ???? ??? ??????? ???????? p = 20μm (= 0.02 ????). ??????????? ???????? 1 - ????? ?????? ??????,

  $$R _ {\ rm det} = \ frac {2 \, \ ????? {??} \ ???? 50 \, \ ????? {????}} {2 \ ???? 0.02 \, \ ????? {????} \ ???? 1} \ ?????? 2500 \ \ ????? {??}.$$

  ??????? (≈3 ????) ??? ??? (≈6 ????) ????, ?????? ???????? ≈833 ?? ??? ≈417 ???? ????? (????? $ r \ ?????? 1/?? $ ?????).

• ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? (????? ?????? ~ 0.95 ??) ??? 17μm ??????? ??? 16.75 ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????. 3 - ????? ??????? ??????????, ?? ?????? 157 ???????? 50% ??? ???????? ???? ?????. (???? ????????, ?????? ???????? ?????? $ r \ ?????? (0.95 \ ???? 16.75)/(2 \ ?????? 0.017 \ ?????? 3) \ ?????? 157 $ ??, ??????? ?????? ???? ???.)

• ?????? ??????: ????? ?????????? (?????? ???????????, ?????? ???), ???????? ???? - ????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ????? ???. ??????????, ??? ?????????? 1.8 ???? ??????????? ~ 2000 ???? ???, ~ 667 ?? ??? ??? 3 333 ?? ????? (?????? ?????? ???, ??? ???????? ?? ??? ????).

?? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????. ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????.

?????????

???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????????:

• ????? ??? ???????: ?????????? ?????? ?????????? - ?????? ???????, ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??/??/?? ?????? ???????? ???? (???????? ???? - ??????????). ???????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? (????? ?? ????) ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ????. ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????????? ?????? 1 - 3 - 6 ???? - ??????????? ????? - ?????? ???? ??????.

• ??? ??? ???? / ???????: ????????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????. ??????????, ???? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? 1 ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? 400 ???? ?????. ???????? ???? ??? ??????????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????.

• ???? ????? ??? ????????? ??????????: ?????? ???????, ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???????????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????. (???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????; ???. ???? ??????? ?????????????? ??, ??, ?? ???????? ??????.)

???????? ????????, ???????? ???? ?????? ?????????? (??????????, ????????, ??????? ????) ??????????? ????????????? ???????????? (??????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ??????????? ??????) ????????? ??????? ??? ?????.

??????? ??? ?????? ???????

?????? ????????? ??????, ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ?? ?????????, ????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? - ?????? ?????? ?????:

• ??????? ???: ?? ?????? ???????????, ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ?? ????? - ??????????? ???????? ????? ????. ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????. ???? ?????, ???? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????????????? ???? ???????????? ???????? ??? ???? (????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????????).

• ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ????: ??? ??????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????. ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????, ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? (????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????????) (????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????????). ?????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ???????.

• ????? ???: ?????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??????; ?? ???????? ?????????, ????, ???? ?. ???? ?????????? ???????? ????. ???????? ??? ???????????? ????????????? ???????????? ??? ??? ???? (????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????????).

• ?????? ??? ?????????: ????? ???? ?????? (??????? ??? ????????) ?????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ????. ??? ?????? ????? (?????), ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????. ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????, ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ????????????? ????? ????.

• ??????????? ????: ~ 50% ????????????? ???? ???????? ???? ????. ?? ????????????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ????????????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? - ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????.

?? ??????????, ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???. ??????????, ??.??. ??????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? (??????????? 0.75 ???? ?.) ???????? ???? (????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????????). ???? ???????? ????? ??? ??????, ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????. ?????????? ???? -???????? ???????????? (??? ?? ?? - ???????/?? - ????? ??????? (????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????????)) ????? ????? ?????????. ??? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ???? ?????? ?????? (???. ???????? ???????? ?????????????? ???? ??????). ?????, ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? - ????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ???.

?????? ?????, ???????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????. “??????????? ??????” ???? ???????? ???, ??? ??? ??? ???????, ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????????? ???????????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? (???????? ???? - ??????????) (???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????). ????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? - ?????? ????????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ???, ????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ????? ??? (???????? ???? - ??????????) (????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????????).

?????: ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ???? (???????? ???? - ??????????) ??? ??????????? ?????? (???????? ???? - ??????????) (?????? ?????? ???, ??? ???????? ?? ??? ????). ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????????????? ???? - ????? ????????? ?????? ??? (???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????). ?????????? ??? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ??? - ?? ?????? (????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????????) (????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????????). ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ((?????? ?????? ???, ??? ???????? ?? ??? ????).